Arterial blood gases
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- pH: 7.35-7.45
- pCO2: 35-45 mm Hg
- HCO3: 21-28 mEq/L
- pO2:
- Adult: 80-100 mm Hg
- Newborn: 60-70 mm Hg
- Adult: > 95%
- Newborn: 40-90%
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- The diagnosis of chronic and restrictive pulmonary disease, adult respiratory failure, acid-base disturbances, Pulmonary Emboli, sleep disorders, central nerve system dysfunctions, cardiovascular disorders
- In management of patients on mechanical ventilators and during the weaning process from the ventilators
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Hypoxia
Respiratory acidosis (low pH, high pCO2 )
- Respiratory center dysfunction; opiates, anesthetics, sedatives, oxygen-induced hypoventilation
- Disorders of the respiratory muscles or chest wall; Myasthenia Gravis, kyphoscoliosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Disorders of gas exchange; chronic pulmonary disorders, asphyxia, acute Pulmonary Edema
- Hyperventilation; Atelectasis, severe anemia, Anxiety, Pulmonary Emboli
- Central nerve system disorders; brain stem dysfunction, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Salicylate poisoning
- Hypermetabolic states; fever, Thyrotoxicosis, Sepsis
- Hyperventilation while on mechanical ventilation
- Metabolic acidosis (low pH, low HCO3 )
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Lactic acidosis
- Excessive ingestion of acid; salicylates, ethylene, methanol, paraldehyde
- Loss of bicarbonate (diarrhea, fistulas)
- Renal failure
- Metabolic alkalosis (high pH, high HCO3 )
- Loss of body acid; vomiting, excess gastric suction, excessive diuretics, hypokalemia, excessive ingestion of licorce, nonparathyroid hypercalcemia, HCO3 overload |
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- Air bubbles in syringe
- Low hemoglobin level
- Hemolysis of sample
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